Processing and dielectric properties of nanocomposite thin film "Supercapacitors" for high-frequency embedded decoupling

The embedded decoupling capacitor problem has been pursued by several groups and industry around the world over the past decade. Currently, popular ceramic-polymer composites can only provide limited capacitance, typically within 10 nF/cm(2). With the reliability and processing constraints imposed, the capacitance density would be much lower. Newer capacitor concepts such as supercapacitors can overcome the limitations of existing polymer based capacitors and are now being considered. These concepts rely on nanostructured electrodes for high surface area per unit volume resulting in ultrahigh capacitance densities and unconventional polarization mechanisms such as electrical double layer and interfacial polarization. Supercapacitive structures lead to ultrabigh capacitance densities of the order of hundreds of microfarads. However, manufacturers report that the properties are unstable at high frequencies, typically even at tens of megahertz. To adapt these structures for mid-to-high-frequency decoupling, it is hence essential to systematically characterize the high-frequency dielectric properties of the thin nanocomposite films and nanostructured electrodes. This paper reports complete electrical characterization of a part of such a system, carbon black-epoxy nanocomposites. The high-frequency properties of the cured films were evaluated with a multiline calibration technique by measuring S-parametees of transmission lines fabricated on the top of the dielectrics. Though the nanostructured carbon black epoxy composites showed high dielectric constant of 1000 at low frequencies, the high frequency (0.5-4.5 GHz) dielectric constant was found to be only up to 10 times that of the base polymer matrix. The measured dielectric constant at gigahertz frequencies increased from 15-30 when the filler content was increased from 3.8% to 6.5%, with excessive leakage currents. Based on these measurements, conduction and polarization relaxation mechanisms will be assessed and the suitability of the thin film supercapacitors for high-frequency decoupling applications will be discussed.