The effect of a smartphone application on women's performance and health beliefs about breast self-examination: a quasi-experimental study

Background Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is a simple and inexpensive method for early diagnosis of breast cancer. This study aimed to determine the effect of a smartphone application on women's performance and health beliefs regarding BSE. Methods In this quasi-experimental study, 150 women referring to therapeutic clinics in Jahrom, Iran from December 2019 to May 2020 were randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. The intervention group participants had access to a smartphone application including BSE reminder, training, alarm, and feedback to the therapist. The application also contained educational movies and self-assessment. The study data were collected using Champion's Health Belief Model Scale and BSE information record form before and six months after the intervention. Then, the data were entered into the SPSS 21 software and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test, independent t-test, Chi-square, ANCOVA, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests. Results After the intervention, the largest number of BSEs was four times among 60% of the participants in the intervention group and once among 24% of the participants in the control group during four months (p = 0.001). After the intervention, the mean differences of the scores of perceived susceptibility (1.03 +/- 2.65 vs. 0.01 +/- 0.42, p = 0.001), BSE barriers (2.80 +/- 5.32 vs. 0.04 +/- 1.43, p = 0.001), self-efficacy (10.75 +/- 7.63 vs. - 2.75 +/- 2.44, p = 0.001), and health motivation (2.77 +/- 3.70 vs. - 0.29 +/- 0.63, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control group. However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups with regard to perceived severity and BSE benefits after the intervention. Conclusions Access to the smartphone application enhanced the participants' performance and health beliefs regarding BSE in the areas of perceived susceptibility, self-efficacy, and health motivation. Therefore, we recommend using the same smartphone application to improve women's performance and health beliefs regarding BSE.