Upstream regulators and downstream effectors of NF-κB in Alzheimer's disease

Since Alzheimer's disease (AD) is becoming the prevalent dementia in the whole world, more underlying mechanisms are emerging. Long time has the transcription factor NF-kappa B been identified to participate in AD pathogenesis, various studies have focused on the causes and effects of AD that are linked to NF-kappa B. In this review we discuss diverse environmental stimuli including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and metabolism, involved signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, MAPK and AGE/RAGE/GSK-3 and newly found ncRNAs that mediate neuron toxicity or neuron protection through NF-kappa B activation and the following response associated with the same factors in AD. These may provide future orientation of investigation at transcription level and support efficient treatment to AD by a better understanding of the upstream regulators and downstream effectors of NF-kappa B. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.