Linkage at 12q24 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is established and confirmed in Hispanic and European American families

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, complex, and systemic human autoimmune disease, with both an environmental component and a heritable predisposition. Clinical studies, reinforced by epidemiology and genetics, show impressive variation in disease severity, expression, prevalence, and incidence by ethnicity and sex. To identify the novel SLE susceptibility loci, we performed a genomewide scan with 318 markers on 37 multiplex Hispanic families, using a nonparametric penetrance-independent affected-only allele-sharing method. Three chromosomal regions (12q24, 16p13, and 16q12- 21) exceeded our predetermined threshold (Z(lr) > 2.32; nominal P < .01) for further evaluation. Suspected linkages at 12q24, 16p13, and 16q12- 21 were tested in an independent data set consisting of 92 European American (EA-1) and 55 African American (AA) families. The linkage at 12q24 was replicated in EA-1 (Z(lr) = 3.06; P = .001) but not in AA (Z(lr) = 0.37; P = .35). Although neither the 16p13 nor the 16q12-21 was confirmed in EA-1 or AA, the suggestive linkage (Z(lr) = 3.06; P = .001) at 16q12-21 is sufficient to confirm the significant linkage, reported elsewhere, at this location. The evidence for linkage at 12q24 in the 129 combined (Hispanic and EA-1) families exceeded the threshold for genomewide significance (Z(lr) = 4.39; P = 5.7 x 10(-6); nonparametric) LOD = 4.19). Parametric linkage analyses suggested a low-penetrance, dominant model (LOD = 3.72). To confirm the linkage effect at 12q24, we performed linkage analysis in another set of 82 independent European American families (EA-2). The evidence for linkage was confirmed (Z(lr) = 2.11; P = .017). Therefore, our results have detected, established, and confirmed the existence of a novel SLE susceptibility locus at 12q24 ( designated "SLEB4") that may cause lupus, especially in Hispanic and European American families.