Necrotizing fasciitis and gangrene of the upper extremity

Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe, fulminant infection most commonly encountered in patients with diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse, and intravenous drug abuse. The infection can spread unrecognized along fascial planes beneath seemingly normal skin. The relatively benign appearance of the extremity is misleading and often results in delay in diagnosis and increased morbidity or death. Immediate aggressive surgical debridement through extensile incisions in combination with antibiotic therapy is necessary for control of these limb- and life-threatening, soft-tissue infections. Gas gangrene, or clostridial myonecrosis, is encountered commonly in those extremity wounds that involve devitalized or necrotic soft tissues. Clostridial microorganisms are anaerobes that produce local and systemic toxins. Delay in treatment can lead to hemolysis, renal failure, and death. Treatment consists of immediate wound debridement, intravenous antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Diabetic gangrene typically occurs in those diabetic patients with severe peripheral vascular or renal disease. The infections are usually polymicrobial. Treatment involves broad-spectrum antibiotics and multiple surgical debridements or amputation.