Avian thermoregulation in the heat: evaporative cooling capacity of arid-zone Caprimulgiformes from two continents

Birds in the order Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and allies) have a remarkable capacity for thermoregulation over a wide range of environmental temperatures, exhibiting pronounced heterothermy in cool conditions and extreme heat tolerance at high environmental temperatures. We measured thermoregulatory responses to acute heat stress in three species of Caprimulgiformes that nest in areas of extreme heat and aridity, the common poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii: Caprimulgidae) and lesser nighthawk (Chordeiles acutipennis: Caprimulgidae) in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, and the Australian owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles cristatus: Aegothelidae) in the mallee woodlands of South Australia. We exposed wild-caught birds to progressively increasing air temperatures (T-a) and measured resting metabolic rate (RMR), evaporative water loss (EWL), body temperature (T-b) and heat tolerance limit (HTL; the maximum T-a reached). Comparatively low RMR values were observed in all species (0.35, 0.36 and 0.40 Wfor the poorwill, nighthawk and owlet-nightjar, respectively), with T-b approximating T-a at 40 degrees C and mild hyperthermia occurring as T-a reached the HTL. Nighthawks and poorwills reached HTLs of 60 and 62 degrees C, respectively, whereas the owlet-nightjar had a HTL of 52 degrees C. RMR increased gradually above minima at T-a of 42, 42 and 35 degrees C, and reached 1.7, 1.9 and 2.0 times minimum resting values at HTLs in the poorwill, nighthawk and owlet-nightjar, respectively. EWL increased rapidly and linearly as T-a exceeded T-b and resulted in maximum rates of evaporative heat dissipation equivalent to 237-424% of metabolic heat production. Bouts of gular flutter resulted in large transient increases in evaporative heat loss (50-123%) accompanied by only small increments in RMR (<5%). The cavity-nesting/roosting owlet-nightjar had a lower HTL and less efficient evaporative cooling compared with the species that nest and/or roost on open desert surfaces. The high efficiency of gular flutter for evaporative cooling, combined with mild hyperthermia, provides the physiological basis for defending T-b well below T-a in extreme heat and is comparable to the efficient cooling observed in arid-zone columbids in which cutaneous EWL is the predominant cooling pathway.