Two Sides of the Same Coin: Protein Kinase C γ in Cancer and Neurodegeneration

Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes transduce myriad signals within the cell in response to the generation of second messengers from membrane phospholipids. The conventional isozyme PKC gamma reversibly binds Ca2+ and diacylglycerol, which leads to an open, active conformation. PKC gamma expression is typically restricted to neurons, but evidence for its expression in certain cancers has emerged. PKC isozymes have been labeled as oncogenes since the discovery that they bind tumor-promoting phorbol esters, however, studies of cancer-associated PKC mutations and clinical trial data showing that PKC inhibitors have worsened patient survival have reframed PKC as a tumor suppressor. Aberrant expression of PKC gamma in certain cancers suggests a role outside the brain, although whether PKC gamma also acts as a tumor suppressor remains to be established. On the other hand, PKC gamma variants associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by Purkinje cell degeneration, enhance basal activity while preventing phorbol ester-mediated degradation. Although the basis for SCA14 Purkinje cell degeneration remains unknown, studies have revealed how altered PKC gamma activity rewires cerebellar signaling to drive SCA14. Importantly, enhanced basal activity of SCA14-associated mutants inversely correlates with age of onset, supporting that enhanced PKC gamma activity drives SCA14. Thus, PKC gamma activity should likely be inhibited in SCA14, whereas restoring PKC activity should be the goal in cancer therapies. This review describes how PKC gamma activity can be lost or gained in disease and the overarching need for a PKC structure as a powerful tool to predict the effect of PKC gamma mutations in disease.