Early-life soy exposure and age at menarche

被引:71
作者
Adgent, Margaret A. [1 ,2 ]
Daniels, Julie L. [2 ]
Rogan, Walter J.
Adair, Linda [2 ]
Edwards, Lloyd J. [3 ]
Westreich, Daniel [2 ,4 ,5 ]
Maisonet, Mildred [6 ]
Marcus, Michele [6 ]
机构
[1] NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA
[2] Univ N Carolina, Gillings Sch Global Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA
[3] Univ N Carolina, Gillings Sch Global Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Chapel Hill, NC USA
[4] Duke Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Durham, NC USA
[5] Duke Univ, Duke Global Hlth Inst, Durham, NC USA
[6] Emory Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA
基金
英国医学研究理事会; 英国惠康基金;
关键词
ALSPAC; menarche; infant diet; soy milk; endocrine disruptor; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR-ALPHA; PHYTOESTROGEN GENISTEIN; IN-VITRO; ISOFLAVONES; PROTEIN; GIRLS; RATS; BETA; FORMULA; HYPOTHALAMUS;
D O I
10.1111/j.1365-3016.2011.01244.x
中图分类号
R1 [预防医学、卫生学];
学科分类号
1004 ; 120402 ;
摘要
This study examines the timing of menarche in relation to infant-feeding methods, specifically addressing the potential effects of soy isoflavone exposure through soybased infant feeding. Subjects were participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Mothers were enrolled during pregnancy and their children have been followed prospectively. Early-life feeding regimes, categorised as primarily breast, early formula, early soy and late soy, were defined using infant-feeding questionnaires administered during infancy. For this analysis, age at menarche was assessed using questionnaires administered approximately annually between ages 8 and 14.5. Eligible subjects were limited to term, singleton, White females. We used Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models to assess age at menarche and risk of menarche over the study period. The present analysis included 2920 girls. Approximately 2% of mothers reported that soy products were introduced into the infant diet at or before 4 months of age (early soy). The median age at menarche [interquartile range (IQR)] in the study sample was 153 months [144-163], approximately 12.8 years. The median age at menarche among early soy-fed girlswas 149 months (12.4 years) [IQR, 140-159]. Compared with girls fed non-soy-based infant formula or milk (early formula), early soy-fed girls were at 25% higher risk of menarche throughout the course of follow-up (hazard ratio 1.25 [95% confidence interval 0.92, 1.71]). Our results also suggest that girls fed soy products in early infancy may have an increased risk of menarche specifically in early adolescence. These findings may be the observable manifestation of mild endocrine-disrupting effects of soy isoflavone exposure. However, our study is limited by few soy-exposed subjects and is not designed to assess biological mechanisms. Because soy formula use is common in some populations, this subtle association with menarche warrants more in-depth evaluation in future studies.
引用
收藏
页码:163 / 175
页数:13
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