Foot and ankle surgery

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease that often affects the foot and ankle (85%-100% of patients). There are characteristic deformities in relation to the stage of disease. Clinical assessment of both lower limbs is important, since factors such as valgus deformity of the knee can cause malposition of the foot and ankle. In the early stages, patients present with joint effusion which causes destruction of the cartilage ("stiff type") and distends ligaments and capsules ("loose type"). Medial and lateral ankle tendons are destroyed and become insufficient. A reduction in walking distance, pain, instability and difficulties with footwear lead to reduced quality of life. The talonavicular joint and rheumatoid forefoot destruction are in most cases the central problem in the foot deformity. Adequate medical therapy of the rheumatic disease is mandatory. Conservative treatment such as orthotic shoe devices should be used in the early stages and are concomitantly used after surgical treatment. Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease requiring careful, stage-specific perioperative management.