Critical insight into biowaste-derived biocatalyst for biodiesel production

In recent days, the scientific community has been forced to develop renewable fuels due to the demand and increasing cost of conventional fuels. Among the different renewable fuels, biodiesel is a primary renewable fuel produced by the efficient and straightforward process (i.e., catalytic transesterification) with the homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. The heterogeneous catalysts are of greater interest in industrial biodiesel production, offering high activity, easy separation, low cost of production, and high reusability. Various studies have shown that the heterogeneous catalysts of calcium and potassium oxides offer a faster reaction rate. In this context, this study provides an overview of calcium and potassium oxide catalysts derived from waste resources. This study also presents the biomass catalytic preparation method and the optimal process conditions under which high biodiesel yield can be achieved. On the whole, the core objective of this study is to find the feasibility of biomass-derived catalyst in the commercial sector and to determine its suitability for sustainable industrial application.