Cellulose Oxygen Isotopes of Sphagnum and Vascular Plants in a Peat Core Reveal Climate Change in Northern Japan Over the Past 2,000 Years

The cellulose delta O-18 of plant tissues in peat is a potential climate proxy. However, understanding what is driving the shifts in delta O-18 of cellulose is required for its application. Here, we analyzed the delta O-18 values of Sphagnum and vascular plant cellulose, as well as the delta O-18 and delta D values of pore water, in a 4-m-long peat core from the Bekanbeushi ombrotrophic bog to understand paleoclimatic changes in northern Japan over the past 2,000 years. The cellulose delta O-18 values of Sphagnum were lower than those of vascular plant tissues, although both draw water from the same layer. Whereas the cellulose delta O-18 values of Sphagnum more directly reflect those of precipitation, those of vascular plants become enriched through transpiration. Thus, the difference between vascular plants and Sphagnum (Delta delta O-18(vp-sp)) is a potential proxy for relative humidity. Cellulose delta O-18 of Sphagnum revealed centennial variations with maxima around 800, 1300, and 1500 CE and minima around 500, 1000, 1700, and 1900 CE. The Delta delta O-18(vp-sp) was inversely correlated with Sphagnum cellulose delta O-18, indicating that the axis of summer westerlies was more frequently located to the north and the climate was moist in the former periods, whereas the axis of summer westerlies was generally located to the south and the climate was dry in the latter periods. These results suggest a warm and moist climate during the former periods due to frequent rainy summers driven by strong East Asian summer monsoon activity, and the opposite conditions in the latter periods.