Ribosomal Synthesis of Macrocyclic Peptides with β2- and β2,3-Homo-Amino Acids for the Development of Natural Product-Like Combinatorial Libraries

The development of large, natural-product-like, combinatorial macrocyclic peptide libraries is essential in the quest to develop therapeutics for "undruggable" cellular targets. Herein we report the ribosomal synthesis of macrocyclic peptides containing one or more beta(2)-homo-amino acids (beta(2)haa) to enable their incorporation into mRNA display-based selection libraries. We confirmed the compatibility of 14 beta(2)-homo-amino acids, (S)- and (R)-stereochemistry, for single incorporation into a macrocyclic peptide with low to high translation efficiency. Interestingly, N-methylation of the backbone amide of beta(2)haa prevented the incorporation of this amino acid subclass by the ribosome. Additionally, we designed and incorporated several alpha,beta-disubstituted beta(2,3)-homo-amino acids (beta(2,3)haa) with different R-groups on the alpha- and beta-carbons of the same amino acid. Incorporation of these beta(2,3)haa enables increased diversity in a single position of a macrocyclic peptide without significantly increasing the overall molecular weight, which is an important consideration for passive cell permeability. We also successfully incorporated multiple (S)-beta(2)hAla into a single macrocycle with other non-proteinogenic amino acids, confirming that this class of beta-amino acid is suitable for development of large scale macrocyclic peptide libraries.