Deleterious effects of light exposure on immunity and sexual coloration in birds

1. Sunlight ultraviolet (UV) exposure can be highly damaging to biological tissues, being known to cause cellular damage and immunosuppression in humans and rodents, and depletion of carotenoid-based sexual plumage coloration in birds (i.e. photobleaching). However, it remains unknown whether sunlight may cause photobleaching in living tissues that comprise sexual signals such as bare parts in birds. It seems possible that any carotenoids depleted from bare parts by sunlight could be replenished, but if so, this could impact the availability of carotenoids for other functions such as immunity and antioxidant defence. Such trade-offs seem particularly likely in individuals that have a low dietary intake of carotenoids, or small amounts of carotenoids in body storage. 2. We investigated the effects of exposure to simulated sunlight UV (UV+) on bill coloration, blood plasma and liver (i.e. body storage) carotenoids and pro-inflammatory immune responses in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) in vivo, compared with individuals maintained in an identical environment but with the UV wavelengths removed by a filter (UV)). We also investigated whether any deleterious effects of UV exposure were mitigated by dietary carotenoid supplementation (UV+ Car+). 3. Exposure to simulated sunlight UV was associated with low levels of carotenoids in liver, and elevated levels of carotenoids in blood plasma, suggesting the mobilisation of stored carotenoids. Simulated sunlight UV also caused impaired pro-inflammatory immune responses, whereas this was not seen in carotenoid-supplemented birds. We found no effects of simulated sunlight UV or carotenoid supplementation on oxidative damage in blood plasma or bill. 4. Bill 'carotenoid chroma' diminished, and bill 'UV chroma' correspondingly increased, in all groups during the experiment (i.e. even in UV+ Car+ birds, and in UV) birds). This likely arose because the illuminance in the experimental cages was far higher than in standard laboratory housing conditions and suggests that carotenoid pigmentation is highly susceptible to photobleaching even under exposure to human-visible wavelengths. 5. These results highlight the potential for sunlight exposure to invoke a range of deleterious consequences for birds, including photobleaching and depression of immunity via pathways mediated by carotenoid allocation trade-offs. The expression of carotenoid-based sexual signals may therefore reveal an individual's history of sunlight exposure and its deleterious effects on immunity.