Young men are at higher risk of failure after ACL hamstring reconstructions: a retrospective multivariate analysis

Background Results of ACL reconstruction are influenced by both patient and surgical variables. Until now a significant amount of studies have focused on the influence of surgical technique on primary outcome, often leaving patient variables untouched. This study investigates the combined influence of patient and surgical variables through multivariate analysis. Methods Single-center retrospective cohort study. All patients who underwent primary ACL hamstring reconstruction within a 5-year period were included. Patient characteristics (gender, age, height, weight, BMI at time of surgery) and surgical variables (surgical technique, concomitant knee injury, graft diameter, type of femoral and tibial fixation) were collected. Patients were asked about Tegner Activity Scale (TAS), complications and revision surgery. Multivariate logistic regression was used to study risk factors. First graft failure and potential risk factors (patient and surgical) were univariately assessed. Risk factors with a p-value <= 0.05 were included in the multivariate model. Results Six hundred forty-seven primary ACL hamstring reconstructions were included. There were 41 graft failures (failure rate 6.3%). Patient gender, age, height and preoperative TAS had a significant influence on the risk of failure in the univariate analysis. The multivariate analyses showed that age and sex remained significant independent risk factors. Patients with a failed ACL reconstruction were younger (24.3 vs 29.4 years, OR 0.937), with women at a lower risk for failure of their ACL reconstruction (90.2% males vs 9.8% females, female OR 0.123). ACL graft diameter and other surgical variables aren't confounders for graft failure. Conclusion This study shows that patient variables seem to have a larger influence on the failure rate of ACL hamstring reconstructive surgery than surgical variables. Identification of the right patient variables can help us make more informed decisions for our patients and create patient-specific treatment protocols. Young men's higher risk of failure suggests that these patients may benefit from a different reconstruction technique, such as use of a patellar tendon or combined ligament augmentation.