Three-dimensional analyses of aging-induced alterations in facial shape: a longitudinal study of 171 Japanese males

We sought to generate data to facilitate forensic facial comparisons. Specifically, we conducted a longitudinal study of alterations in face shape induced by aging. We obtained two three-dimensional facial shape measurements in 171 Japanese males at intervals of approximately 10 years. With this data, we created a homologous model consisting of 10,741 data points for each face based on 33 anatomical landmarks. We averaged the movements of corresponding data points between the two homologous models for each individual and used this data to predict up to 30 years of face aging in an average Japanese male. We clearly identified aging-induced shape changes, such as drooping and denting of the facial folds, drooping of the upper lip, and projection of the lower eyelid, in the virtually aged model. A quantitative comparison of aging-induced shape alterations among three age groups (individuals in their 20's, 30's, and 40-50's) showed that these alterations accelerated more quickly as age increased. Using our predictive model, we conducted a preliminary study focused on facial shape alterations induced by reductions in body weight. Our findings indicated that our proposed method would also be valid for this purpose.