Pentamethylquercetin generates beneficial effects in monosodium glutamate-induced obese mice and C2C12 myotubes by activating AMP-activated protein kinase

Pentamethylquercetin (PMQ) has recently been shown to have glucose-lowering properties. Here, we aimed to characterise the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of PMQ for ameliorating metabolic disorders in vivo and vitro. We generated a mouse model of obesity by neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and used it to assess the properties of PMQ as a treatment for metabolic disorders. We also investigated the possible underlying mechanisms of PMQ in the prevention of metabolic disorders. Compared with normal mice, MSG mice had metabolic disorders, including central obesity, hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, decreased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and downregulated levels of GLUT4 in gastrocnemius muscles. In MSG mice, PMQ treatment (5, 10, 20 mg/kg daily) reduced body weight gain, waist circumference, adipose tissue mass, serum glucose, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol, while improving insulin resistance, activating AMPK and increasing ACC phosphorylation and GLUT4 abundance. In C2C12 myotubes, PMQ (10 mu mol/l) increased glucose consumption by similar to 65%. PMQ treatment (1-10 mu mol/l) also activated AMPK, increased ACC phosphorylation and GLUT4 abundance, and upregulated the expression of some key genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. These findings suggest that PMQ can ameliorate metabolic disorders at least in part via stimulation of AMPK activity.