Repeatability of exercise-induced changes in mRNA expression and technical considerations for qPCR analysis in human skeletal muscle

It remains unknown if (1) the observed change in mRNA expression reflects an individual's true response to exercise or random (technical and/or biological) error, and (2) the individual responsiveness to exercise is protocol-specific. We examined the repeatability of skeletal muscle PGC-1 alpha, PDK4, NRF-1, VEGF-A, HSP72 and p53 mRNA expression following two identical endurance exercise (END) bouts (END-1, END-2; 30 min of cycling at 65% of peak work rate (WRpeak), n = 11) and inter-individual variability in PGC-1 alpha and PDK4 mRNA expression following END and sprint interval training (SIT; 8 x 20 s cycling intervals at similar to 170% WRpeak, n = 10) in active young males. The repeatability of key gene analysis steps (RNA extraction, reverse transcription, qPCR) and within-sample fibre-type distribution (n = 8) was also determined to examine potential sources of technical error in our analyses. Despite highly repeatable exercise bout characteristics (work rate, heart rate, blood lactate; ICC > 0.71; CV r > 0.85, P 0.01), gene analysis steps (ICC > 0.73; CV r > 0.75, P 0.01), and similar group-level changes in mRNA expression, individual changes in PGC-1 alpha, PDK4, VEGF-A and p53 mRNA expression were not repeatable (ICC 20%; r 0.21). Fibre-type distribution in two portions of the same muscle biopsy was highly variable and not significantly related (ICC = 0.39; CV = 26%; r = 0.37, P = 0.37). Since individual changes in mRNA expression following identical exercise bouts were not repeatable, inferences regarding individual responsiveness to END or SIT were not made. Substantial random error exists in changes in mRNA expression following acute exercise, thereby challenging the use of mRNA expression for analysing individual responsiveness to exercise.