Variability and Spectral Characteristics of Three Flaring Gamma-Ray Quasars Observed by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT

被引：12

作者：

Adams, C. B. ^{[1
]}

Batshoun, J. ^{[2
]}

Benbow, W. ^{[3
]}

Brill, A. ^{[4
,5
]}

Buckley, J. H. ^{[6
]}

Capasso, M. ^{[1
]}

Cavins, B. ^{[7
,8
]}

Christiansen, J. L. ^{[9
]}

Coppi, P. ^{[10
]}

Errando, M. ^{[6
]}

Farrell, K. A. ^{[11
]}

Feng, Q. ^{[1
]}

Finley, J. P. ^{[12
]}

Foote, G. M. ^{[13
,14
]}

Fortson, L. ^{[15
]}

Furniss, A. ^{[2
]}

Gent, A. ^{[16
,17
]}

Giuri, C. ^{[18
]}

Hanna, D. ^{[19
]}

Hassan, T. ^{[18
]}

Hervet, O. ^{[7
,8
]}

Holder, J. ^{[13
,14
]}

Houck, M. ^{[20
,21
]}

Humensky, T. B. ^{[4
]}

Jin, W. ^{[22
]}

Kaaret, P. ^{[23
]}

Kertzman, M. ^{[24
]}

Kieda, D. ^{[25
]}

Krennrich, F. ^{[26
]}

Kumar, S. ^{[19
]}

Lundy, M. ^{[19
]}

Maier, G. ^{[18
]}

McGrath, C. E. ^{[11
]}

Moriarty, P. ^{[27
]}

Mukherjee, R. ^{[1
]}

Nieto, D. ^{[28
]}

Nievas-Rosillo, M. ^{[18
]}

O'Brien, S. ^{[19
]}

Ong, R. A. ^{[29
]}

Oppenheimer, A. ^{[30
,31
]}

Otte, A. N. ^{[16
,17
]}

Patel, S. ^{[23
]}

Pfrang, K. ^{[18
]}

Pohl, M. ^{[18
,32
]}

Prado, R. R. ^{[18
]}

Pueschel, E. ^{[18
]}

Quinn, J. ^{[11
]}

Ragan, K. ^{[19
]}

Reynolds, P. T. ^{[33
]}

Rhatigan, A. ^{[9
]}

机构：

[1] Columbia Univ, Barnard Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA

[2] Calif State Univ East Bay, Dept Phys, Hayward, CA 94542 USA

[3] Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[4] Columbia Univ, Phys Dept, New York, NY 10027 USA

[5] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[6] Washington Univ, Dept Phys, St Louis, MO 63130 USA

[7] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Inst Particle Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA

[8] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA

[9] Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Phys Dept, San Luis Obispo, CA 94307 USA

[10] Yale Univ, 260 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06511 USA

[11] Univ Coll Dublin, Sch Phys, Dublin 4, Ireland

[12] Purdue Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA

[13] Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA

[14] Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA

[15] Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA

[16] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, 837 State St NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA

[17] Georgia Inst Technol, Ctr Relativist Astrophys, 837 State St NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA

[18] DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany

[19] McGill Univ, Phys Dept, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada

[20] Davidson Coll, 405 North Main St, Davidson, NC 28035 USA

[21] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Irvine, CA 92617 USA

[22] Univ Alabama, Dept Phys & Astron, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA

[23] Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA

[24] DePauw Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Greencastle, IN 46135 USA

[25] Univ Utah, Dept Phys & Astron, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA

[26] Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA

[27] Natl Univ Ireland Galway, Sch Phys, Univ Rd, Galway, Ireland

[28] Univ Complutense Madrid, Inst Particle & Cosmos Phys, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

[29] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA

[30] Hastings High Sch, 1 Mt Hope Blvd, Hastings On Hudson, NY 10706 USA

[31] Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[32] Univ Potsdam, Inst Phys & Astron, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany

[33] Munster Technol Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Cork T12 P928, Ireland

[34] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Ctr Space Sci & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA

[35] Ecole Polytech, Lab Leprince Ringuet, CNRS IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France

[36] Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA

[37] Julius Maximilians Univ, D-97070 Wurzburg, Germany

[38] Naval Res Lab, Space Sci Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA

[39] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl INFN, Sez Roma Tor Vergata, Via Ric Sci 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy

[40] ASI Space Sci Data Ctr SSDC, Via Politecn, I-00133 Rome, Italy

[41] Sez Roma Tor Vergata, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-00133 Rome, Italy

[42] Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Space Sci Data Ctr, Via Politecn Snc, I-00133 Rome, Italy

[43] NASA HQ, Washington, DC 20546 USA

[44] Univ Witwatersrand WITS, Johannesburg, South Africa

[45] South African Radio Astron Observ SARAO, Cape Town, South Africa

[46] Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA

来源：

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL | 2022年 / 924卷 / 02期

基金：

美国国家科学基金会; 欧洲研究理事会; 瑞典研究理事会; 加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会; 美国国家航空航天局;

关键词：

LARGE-AREA TELESCOPE; EXTRAGALACTIC RADIO-SOURCES; HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRINO; SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS; TXS 0506+056; EMISSION; ORIGIN; JETS; CALIBRATION; RADIATION;

D O I：

10.3847/1538-4357/ac32bd

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) are the most luminous blazars at GeV energies but only rarely emit detectable fluxes of TeV gamma rays, typically during bright GeV flares. We explore the gamma-ray variability and spectral characteristics of three FSRQs that have been observed at GeV and TeV energies by Fermi-LAT and VERITAS, making use of almost 100 hr of VERITAS observations spread over 10 yr: 3C 279, PKS 1222+216, and Ton 599. We explain the GeV flux distributions of the sources in terms of a model derived from a stochastic differential equation describing fluctuations in the magnetic field in the accretion disk and estimate the timescales of magnetic flux accumulation and stochastic instabilities in their accretion disks. We identify distinct flares using a procedure based on Bayesian blocks and analyze their daily and subdaily variability and gamma-ray energy spectra. Using observations from VERITAS, as well as Fermi, Swift, and the Steward Observatory, we model the broadband spectral energy distributions of PKS 1222+216 and Ton 599 during very high energy (VHE)-detected flares in 2014 and 2017, respectively, strongly constraining the jet Doppler factors and gamma-ray emission region locations during these events. Finally, we place theoretical constraints on the potential production of PeV-scale neutrinos during these VHE flares.

引用

页数：22

共 107 条

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← 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 →

共 107 条

[1] The IceCube realtime alert system
Aartsen, M. G.
Ackermann, M.
Adams, J.
Aguilar, J. A.
Ahlers, M.
Ahrens, M.
Altmann, D.
Andeen, K.
Anderson, T.
Ansseau, I.
Anton, G.
Archinger, M.
Arguelles, C.
Auffenberg, J.
Axani, S.
Bai, X.
Barwick, S. W.
Baum, V.
Bay, R.
Beatty, J. J.
Tjus, J. Becker
Becker, K-H.
BenZvi, S.
Berley, D.
Bernardini, E.
Bernhard, A.
Besson, D. Z.
Binder, G.
Bindig, D.
Bissok, M.
Blaufuss, E.
Blot, S.
Bohm, C.
Borner, M.
Bos, E.
Bose, D.
Boser, S.
Botner, O.
Braun, J.
Brayeur, L.
Bretz, H. -P.
Bron, S.
Burgman, A.
Carver, T.
Casier, M.
Cheung, E.
Chirkin, D.
Christov, A.
Clark, K.
Classen, L.
[J]. ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS, 2017, 92 : 30 - 41
[2] SEARCH FOR SOURCES OF HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRONS WITH FOUR YEARS OF DATA FROM THE ICETOP DETECTOR
Aartsen, M. G.
Abraham, K.
Ackermann, M.
Adams, J.
Aguilar, J. A.
Ahlers, M.
Ahrens, M.
Altmann, D.
Andeen, K.
Anderson, T.
Ansseau, I.
Anton, G.
Archinger, M.
Arguelles, C.
Auffenberg, J.
Axani, S.
Bai, X.
Barwick, S. W.
Baum, V.
Bay, R.
Beatty, J. J.
Tjus, J. Becker
Becker, K. -H.
BenZvi, S.
Berghaus, P.
Berley, D.
Bernardini, E.
Bernhard, A.
Besson, D. Z.
Binder, G.
Bindig, D.
Bissok, M.
Blaufuss, E.
Blot, S.
Bohm, C.
Boerner, M.
Bos, F.
Bose, D.
Boeser, S.
Botner, O.
Braun, J.
Brayeur, L.
Bretz, H. -P.
Burgman, A.
Carver, T.
Casier, M.
Cheung, E.
Chirkin, D.
Christov, A.
Clark, K.
[J]. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2016, 830 (02)
[3] FERMI OBSERVATIONS OF γ-RAY EMISSION FROM THE MOON
Abdo, A. A.
Ackermann, M.
Ajello, M.
Atwoo, W. B.
Baldini, L.
Ballet, J.
Barbiellini, G.
Bastieri, D.
Bechtol, K.
Bellazzini, R.
Berenji, B.
Blandford, R. D.
Bonamente, E.
Borgland, A. W.
Bottacini, E.
Bouvier, A.
Bregeon, J.
Brigida, M.
Bruel, P.
Buehler, R.
Buson, S.
Caliandro, G. A.
Cameron, R. A.
Caraveo, P. A.
Casandjian, J. M.
Cecchi, C.
Charles, E.
Chekhtman, A.
Chiang, J.
Ciprini, S.
Claus, R.
Cohen-Tanugi, J.
Conrad, J.
Cutini, S.
D'Ammando, F.
de Angelis, A.
de Palma, F.
Dermer, C. D.
Digel, S. W.
Silva, E. do Couto E
Drell, P. S.
Drlica-Wagner, A.
Dubois, R.
Favuzzi, C.
Fegan, S. J.
Focke, W. B.
Fortin, P.
Fukazawa, Y.
Funk, S.
Fusco, P.
[J]. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2012, 758 (02)
[4] FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF TWO GAMMA-RAY EMISSION COMPONENTS FROM THE QUIESCENT SUN
Abdo, A. A.
Ackermann, M.
Ajello, M.
Baldini, L.
Ballet, J.
Barbiellini, G.
Bastieri, D.
Bechtol, K.
Bellazzini, R.
Berenji, B.
Bonamente, E.
Borgland, A. W.
Bouvier, A.
Bregeon, J.
Brez, A.
Brigida, M.
Bruel, P.
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