Depletion of natural killer cells from the graft reduces interferon-γ levels and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α release in F1 hybrid mice with acute graft-versus-host disease

Background We wished to determine whether removal of NK1.1(+) cells from the graft provides protection against acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by obviating the Th1 immune response that underlies the development of this disease. Methods. Graft-versus-host (GVH) reactions were induced in two groups of (C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F-1 hybrid mice. The first received grafts harvested from polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid-stimulated, C57BL/6 donors and depleted in vitro of NK1.1(+) cells. This treatment provides protection against GVHD-associated mortality and cachexia. The second received unmodified grafts. We compared interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 production as well as the levels of engraftment in these two groups. Lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release was also compared since TNF-alpha levels in GVH mice following injection of a sublethal dose of endotoxin provide an index of macrophage priming by Th1 cytokines. Results. Interferon-gamma production was absent in recipients of NR1.1-depleted grafts at the time when high levels were seen in recipients of unmodified grafts. Following lipopolysaccharide injection, high levels of TNF-alpha were observed in recipients of unmodified grafts, whereas negligible amounts were present in recipients of NK1.1-depleted grafts. The use of NK1.1-depleted grafts did not result in a reduced level of engraftment of CD4(+) or CD8(+) cells. Conclusions. These results suggest that NK1.1 depletion of the graft confers protection against mortality by interfering with an immunoregulatory mechanism that results in the development of a Th1 response in GVH mice, and does not result in abortion of the graft. Because macrophage priming is prevented, recipients are also protected from the exaggerated sensitivity to endotoxin seen in mice with acute GVHD.