Kinetic Analysis of Bio-oil Derived Hierarchically Porous Carbon for Superior Li+/Na+ Storage

Herein, an efficient biomass utilization is proposed to prepare bio-oil-derived carbon (BODPC) with hierarchical pores and certain H/O/N functionalities for superior Li+/Na+ storage. Kinetic analyses reveal that BODPC has similar behavior in the electrochemical Li+ and Na+ storage processes, in terms of physical adsorption (Stage I), chemical redox reactions with surface functionalities (Stage II), and insertion into the graphitic interlayer (Stage III). Promisingly, BODPC exhibits a high reversible specific capacity (1881.7 mAh g-1 for Li+ and 461.0 mAh g(-1) for Na+ at 0.1 A g(-1)), superior rate capability (674.1 mAh g(-1) for Li+ and 125.7 mAh g(-1) for Na(+ )at 5.0 A g(-1)), and long-term cyclability. More notably, the BODPC with highly capacitive-dominant behavior would hold great promise for the applications of high-power, durable, and safe rechargeable batteries/capacitors.