Consumption of ultra-processed foods and its association with sociodemographic factors in the adult population of the 27 Brazilian state capitals (2019)

OBJECTIVE: To describe the magnitude of consumption of ultra-processed foods in the adult population (>= 18 years old) in the capitals of the 27 federative units of Brazil, as well as its association with sociodemographic variables. METHODS: Data used in this study stem from participants (n = 52,443) of the 2019 wave of the annual survey of the "National surveillance system for risk and protective factors for chronic diseases by telephone survey" (Vigitel). The consumption of ultra-processed foods was described based on a score, corresponding to the sum of positive responses to questions about consumption on the previous day of thirteen subgroups of ultra-processed foods frequently consumed in Brazil. Poisson regression models were used to describe the crude and adjusted associations between high consumption of ultra-processed foods (scores = 5) and sex, age group, and level of education. RESULTS: The frequency of high consumption of ultra-processed foods was 18.2% (95% CI 17.4-19.0). With or without adjustment for other sociodemographic variables, this frequency was significantly lower in females and decreased linearly with age. In the crude analysis, there was an increase in the frequency of high consumption from the lower level to the intermediate level of education and a decrease in this consumption from the intermediate level to the upper level. In the analysis adjusted for sex and age, the frequency of high consumption of ultra-processed foods was significantly lower at the higher level of education (12 or more years of study), with no differences between the other levels. CONCLUSION: Ultra-processed foods are consumed with high frequency in the adult Brazilian population in the 27 capitals of the federation. Being male, younger and having less education than university are conditions that increase, independently, the consumption of these foods.