Recent advances in synthesis, modification, and potential application of tin oxide nanoparticles

Nanotechnology has become the most promising research area with its critical application in all science fields. Tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO(2)NPs) have gained much interest in recent years because of its intriguing characteristics, which have been enhanced by producing this material in the nanoscale range. SnO(2)NPs showed their effectiveness in various disciplines, including photocatalytic, antioxidant, antimicrobial properties, lithium-ion batteries, solar panels, and supercapacitors. This resulted in the extensive research of several synthetic routes for the synthesis of SnO(2)NPs. A few researchers have summarized the SnO(2)NPs, but their study was limited in terms of preparation and application, as they focused on the green preparation process. The novelty of present study is a reviewing all the nano-preparation processes of SnO(2)NPs. This review will highlight the schematic illustration of each method to clarify the difference between them that would facilitate the path for researchers. This review also emphasizes the physicochemical properties of the produced SnO(2)NPs, such as size, shape, structures and other features. Lastly, this review will summarize the most promising application of SnO(2)NPs in the field of nanoscience.