Critical prognostic factors for poststroke dysphagia: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: Poststroke dysphagia (PSD) is one of the most significant problems after stroke. The prognosis of dysphagia is closely related to the outcomes of stroke. This meta-analysis aimed at identifying and evaluating critical predictors of prognosis for PSD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electronic databases were searched for relevant case-control and cohort studies in which the prognostic factors of PSD were reported. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Review Manager 5.3 was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the included factors and to perform heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses. Stata 15.1 was used to evaluate publication bias. RESULTS: Eighteen of 3132 total studies were finally included in this meta-analysis. Ten predictors of PSD were identified, including 2 protective factors and 8 risk factors. Early intervention (OR=0.75. 95% CI=0.61-0.93) and an MRS (modified Rankin scale) score of 0 before onset (OR=0.58, 95% CI=0.47-0.71) were related to a better prognosis of PSD. The risk factors ranked by pooled OR values were aspiration (OR=7.64, 95% CI=5.94-9.82), brainstem injury (OR=4.82, 95% CI=3.01-7.72), severity of stroke (OR= 3.06, 95% CI=1.69-5.53). bihemispheric injury (OR=3.0, 95% CI=1.67-5.40), older age (OR=1.75. 95% CI=1.502.04). malnutrition (OR=1.36. 95% CI=1.22-1.53). severe dysphagia on admission (OR=1.16. 95% CI=1.03-1.29), and reduced level of consciousness (OR=1.03. 95% CI=1.00-1.07). CONCLUSIONS: Prognostic factors for a good outcome of PSD included early intervention and an MRS score of 0 before onset. Aspiration. brainstem injury, severe stroke and bihemispheric injury are the four most significant predictors of poor prognosis in PSD. Identifying these prognostic factors should help clinicians to better detect patients at risk and provide effective interventions for PSD.