Nocturnal bladder emptying and Quality of Life in patients with spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the relationship between sleep disruption due to nocturnal bladder emptying and Quality of Life in patients with spinal cord injury AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible influence of number of nocturnal bladder emptying, bladder emptying method and nocturnal incontinence on the Quality of Life of patients with spinal cord injury. DESIGN: The design of this paper is a cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: The setting is in-and outpatient. POPULATION: Seventy-nine patients aged between 18 and 77 years with SCI in a first rehabilitation period or follow-up. METHODS: Patients were asked to complete Short Form-36 and Incontinence Quality of Life questionnaires and a medical information form. Independent samples t-tests and ANOVA were used to compare scores between groups. RESULTS: The response rate was 71 out of 79 (89%; 51 males and 20 females). 16 paraplegic and 4 tetraplegic patients were chronic, 29 paraplegic and 22 tetraplegic patients were in rehabilitation therapy or had finished this treatment recently. The paraplegic group had a significantly better Short Form-36 total score and emotional function score, while the tetraplegic group had a significantly better Incontinence Quality of Life total score and avoidance and limiting behavior score. The paraplegic patients with 0-1 nocturnal bladder emptying had better Short Form-36-derived Quality of Life than those with >2 emptying. Quality of Life score was not associated with gender, leg oedema, incontinence, or acute/chronic group. Incontinence Quality of Life score was significantly better for patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. Fully completed questionnaires were returned by 36 patients; at least 1 item was missing for 35 participants. CONCLUSIONS: General Short Form-36-derived Quality of Life was better for the paraplegic population. Incontinence-related Quality of Life was better in tetraplegic patients, most of whom used suprapubic catheterization. Paraplegic patients had compromised sleep and Quality of Life when the patient had to wake up two or more times at night to empty the bladder by voiding or intermittent catheterization. The high number of incomplete responders indicates the shortcomings of Quality-of-Life questionnaires for wheelchair-bound patients with spinal cord injury. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: The use of suprapubic catheterization should be considered to improve Quality of Life for tetraplegic patients. For paraplegic patients, we must focus urological policy on aiming to reduce the number of nighttime bladder emptying to one or none.