Sequence specificity, reactivity, and antitumor activity of DNA-alkylating pyrrole-imidazole diamides

Three conjugates of imidazole (Im)-pyrrole (Py) diamide and a DNA-alkylating moiety derived from the antibiotic duocarmycin A were synthesized, and their sequence specificity, reactivity, and antitumor activity comparatively examined. Sequencing gel analysis indicated that ImPyDu (1) alkylates DNA at the 3' end of AT-rich sequences at micromolar concentration. ImPyDu86 (2) reacts with DNA at AT-rich sites together with dialkylation sites at micromolar concentration. ImPyLDu86 (3) efficiently alkylates dialkylation sites at nanomolar concentration. Average values of log IC50 against a 39 cancer cell line panel of 1-3 were - 4.59, -5.95, and -8.25, respectively. The differential growth inhibition pattern of 1-3 varied with relatively low correlation coefficients. Array-based gene expression monitoring was performed for 3 in a human lung cancer cell line. Substantial downregulation of expression was seen for genes involved in DNA damage response, transcription, and signal transduction.