The Prognostic Value of Coronary Arteries Calcium Scoring in a Primary Health Care Setting in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background/Purpose: Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring (CACS) by CT, the American Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) Score, and the British Cardiovascular Risk (QRISK2) score are the most frequently used cardiovascular risk stratification scores to predict cardiac outcomes and aid in the decision of implementing preventative and/or interventional measures. The aim of this study is to assess CACS, ASCVD score, QRISK2 score, and their capacity to predict cardiovascular events among family medicine patients in King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: All medical records of patients (18 years and above) who had a CACS done in Family Medicine Clinics at KFSH&RC from January 2010 to March 2018 were reviewed, retrospectively. The study variables included demographics, comorbidities, CACS, ASCVD Score, QRISK2 score, and cardiovascular events. Results: We included 218 patients. Our study population included: 77% men, a mean age of 51 years (SD +/- 8), and a mean BMI of 29 kg/m(2) (SD +/- 5). CACS was significantly associated with coronary events (p-value < .05). There was significant association between high CACS (>400) and family history of cardiac disease (p-value = .006), prior cardiovascular events (p-value = .01) and advancing age (p-value < .001). High concordance was found between QRISK2 score and CACS (90.6%), and moderate concordance between ASCVD score and CACS (69.4%). Moderate concordance was found between ASCVD score and QRISK2 score (74.3%). The majority of the subjects (88%) fell into the low-risk group (CACS <100) with (63%) having a CACS of zero. Conclusion: QRISK2 cardiac assessment tool provides better risk assessment and higher concordance with CACS. To improve cost-effectiveness and minimize unnecessary radiation exposure, QRISK2 scoring should be implemented for initial cardiovascular risk stratification prior to ordering the CACS imaging modality.