The theory of empowerment: A critical analysis with the theory evaluation scale

Empowerment has received considerable attention in the past four decades and become a threshold framework in the field of social work. Using the Theory Evaluation Scale (TES), this paper critically analyzed the empowerment theory with regard to coherence, conceptual clarity, philosophical assumptions, historical roots, testability, empiricism, boundaries, client context, and human agency within the environment. Based on a thorough review of the literature, the empowerment theory generated an overall score of 39 on the TES. Contrary to popular criticisms, this score demonstrates the epistemological soundness and overall quality of empowerment as a theoretical model. This paper has implications for theory and research by showing that empowerment is an ideal framework for the mixed-methods research paradigm. This paper also has implications for social work practice where empowerment is seen as a countermeasure to traditional practice models which promoted therapists as experts. That is, the findings suggest that social workers at all levels of intervention - micro, mezzo, and macro - can continue to embrace empowerment as the model to help clients influence their own lives. Finally, the findings have relevance for social work pedagogy by justifying the choice of empowerment as a threshold concept in the social work curriculum.