Inactivation of Rheb by PRAK-mediated phosphorylation is essential for energy-depletion-induced suppression of mTORC1

Cell growth can be suppressed by stressful environments, but the role of stress pathways in this process is largely unknown. Here we show that a cascade of p38 beta mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38-regulated/activated kinase (PRAK) plays a role in energy-starvation-induced suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and that energy starvation activates the p38 beta-PRAK cascade. Depletion of p38 beta or PRAK diminishes the suppression of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and reduction of cell size induced by energy starvation. We show that p38 beta-PRAK operates independently of the known mTORC1 inactivation pathways-phosphorylation of tuberous sclerosis protein 2 (TSC2) and Raptor by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-and surprisingly, that PRAK directly regulates Ras homologue enriched in brain (Rheb), a key component of the mTORC1 pathway, by phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Rheb at Ser 130 by PRAK impairs the nucleotide-binding ability of Rheb and inhibits Rheb-mediated mTORC1 activation. The direct regulation of Rheb by PRAK integrates a stress pathway with the mTORC1 pathway in response to energy depletion.