Age-specific effects on reproductive performance of grassland sonabirds nesting in agricultural habitats

Clutch size and number of young fledged has been shown to increase with female age until approximately mid-life, when reproductive performance declines. We used a long-term dataset (2002-019) to investigate age-specific effects on reproductive parameters of known-age female Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis, n = 60), and Bobolinks, (Dolichonyx oryzivorus, n = 75) breeding in managed hayfields and pastures in Shelburne and Hinesburg, Vermont, USA. Female Savannah Sparrows (age 1 to 6 years) showed evidence of reproductive senescence with the number of young fledged peaking at 2 years of age and declining in older age classes. Additionally, daily nest survival was strongly and negatively affected by female age. The effect of age on Bobolink reproductive performance was weak. We found an increase in the number of eggs laid from 1 to 2 years of age, no age effect on number of nest attempts or number of young fledged, and a weak, negative effect of age on daily nest survival. We found no support for an effect of grassland management treatment on daily nest survival, which may have been a result of unequal distribution of nesting attempts across treatment types. However, species-specific responses to hay harvest may have affected the relationship between age and reproductive performance. Savannah Sparrows renest rapidly and frequently after nest loss due to haying, which may constrain long-term investment in reproduction. In this highly managed system, older females may allocate less energy toward reproduction than younger females, potentially shifting those resources to behaviors that support annual survival. By contrast, Bobolinks may not invest as heavily in reproduction, generally renesting only once after nest failure and have a truncated breeding season because of their long fall migration to South America. Consequently, their reproductive success may not vary as strongly with age.