Novel characteristics of Chinese NADC34-like PRRSV during 2020-2021

NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains were first detected in China in 2017, with epidemic potential. In this study, the phylogenetic, epidemic, and recombinant properties of NADC34-like PRRSV in China were evaluated comprehensively. From 2020 to October 2021, 82 NADC34-like PRRSV isolates were obtained from 433 PRRSV-positive clinical samples. These strains accounted for 11.5% and 28.6% of positives in 2020 and 2021, respectively, and have spread to eight provinces. We selected 15 samples for whole-genome sequencing, revealing genome lengths of 15,009-15,113 nt. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Chinese NADC34-like strains cluster with American sublineage 1.5 strains and do not form an independent branch. Recombination analysis revealed that six of fifteen complete genome sequences were derived from recombination between NADC34-like and NADC30-like or HP-PRRSV; all of the strains recombined with local strains in China, exhibiting a complex recombination pattern. Partial Nsp2 sequence alignment showed that nine of fifteen isolates had a 100 aa continuous deletion (similar to that in IA/2014/NADC34); other isolates had a 131 aa discontinuous deletion (similar to that in NADC30). Five of them also had additional amino acid deletions, all of which are reported for the first time here. In the last 2 years, NADC34-like PRRSV has become one of the main epidemic strains in some areas of China; it has changed significantly, its homology has decreased significantly, and it has undergone complex recombination with local Chinese strains. These results are of great significance for understanding the current epidemic situation of PRRSV in China.