Seawater-groundwater Exchange in a Silty Tidal Flat in the South Coast of Laizhou Bay, China

There were few studies about seawater-groundwater exchange in silty, low-permeability tidal flats with very gentle slopes. This paper reports the monitoring data and preliminary analytical results on a typical transect in a silty tidal flat with large-scale seepage faces at the south coast of Laizhou Bay, China. The "pair-wells method", which was an improvement of the single-well method used by Ma et al. (2015) was used to estimate the seawater-groundwater exchange rate. We selected 14 locations along a typical transect in the intertidal zone, with a slope of 0.4% and cross-shore length of 3514 m, to install pair-wells for monitoring the groundwater head, salinity and temperature at two different depths simultaneously once per hour from 20 : 00 August 10th to 23 : 00 September 12th, 2014. The vertical hydraulic conductivity measured in situ ranges from 5.4x10(-7) to 1.1x10(-5) m s(-1). The salinity of the underground brine ranges from 25 to 56 g l(-1). Based on the observed data and the generalized Darcy's law, the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and inflow along the entire transect were estimated to be 164.0 and 6.5 m(2) d(-1), respectively. It is found that 80.4% of the total SGD occurred between W7 and W10, where the hydraulic conductivity is one or two orders of magnitude greater than that at other wells; and 64.6% of the total inflow occurred between W2 and W4. The single-well method, on the other hand, yields a SGD value of 223.0 m(2) d(-1) and inflow value of 13.3 m(2) d(-1). Neglecting the density effect may lead to an overestimation of the SGD by 25.6% and underestimation of the inflow by 27.4%.