Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake of fullerene nanoparticles

Understanding the molecular interactions between biological cells and engineered nanopartides is a key to evaluating potential toxicities to humans and the environment. This study developed a method to determine the mechanisms by which fullerene aggregates are distributed into a representative cell line, human intestinal Caco-2 cells. First, we determined that the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in the cell culture media changes the partide characteristics and inhibits partide adsorptions onto cell surfaces. Second, significantly lower amounts of fullerene were internalized at 4 degrees C, a temperature at which active transport mechanisms are effectively impeded, than at 37 degrees C. Third, metabolic inhibitors of active transport and a microtubule transport inhibitor decreased fullerene uptake at 37 degrees C. Fourth, cellular uptake of fullerene increased with increasing fullerene concentration, suggesting that passive diffusion into lipid membranes contributed to uptake over the broad concentration range used in this study. Together, these results indicate fullerene transport into cells occurs via two mechanisms: passive diffusion across the lipid bilayer and active transport induding microtubule involved endocytosis. The results also suggest that simple physical-chemical partitioning models do not fully describe fullerene uptake, and instead, active transport models are also required to estimate the cellular uptake and toxicity of fullerene.