The urban marine environment of Singapore

The island Republic of Singapore lies on the nexus between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, in the equatorial tropics of the South China Sea. With her strategic geographic location and natural harbour, Singapore has grown into a major global transhipment hub, with an estimated 130,000 vessel arrivals per year navigating within 600 km(2) of sea space. The coastal environment around Singapore has also changed dramatically over the last 50 years as a result of ambitious urban coastal development projects to accommodate aspirations of a population of 5.54 million people settled within a land area of 718.3 km(2). This paper provides a review of the physical environment of the marine waters around Singapore. As characteristic of urban coastal cities, anthropogenic sources of contaminants have been reported in the coastal environment. Overall, patterns of environment contamination reflect the changing social and economic activity, and evolving awareness of environment impacts of different pollutants. Early studies consisted of spatially and temporally limited sampling efforts which were not always informative of causative factors. However, recent introduction of advanced chemical detection tools and high resolution hydrodynamic modelling has opened the door for new studies to revisit and understand the dynamic nature of our physical environment. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.