Genome Instability in Multiple Myeloma: Facts and Factors

Simple Summary: Multiple myeloma is an incurable blood cancer caused by the malignant transformation of immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells. The mechanisms leading to the origin of cancerous cells and the evolution of myeloma disease are not understood. The development of myeloma is accompanied by genetic changes affecting various cellular pathways. This review describes current progress in understanding the etiology of the disease that might stimulate the development of new therapies. Multiplemyeloma (MM) is amalignant neoplasmof terminally differentiated immunoglobulinproducing B lymphocytes called plasma cells. MMis the second most common hematologic malignancy, and it poses a heavy economic and social burden because it remains incurable and confers a profound disability to patients. Despite current progress inMMtreatment, the disease invariably recurs, even after the transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells (ASCT). Biological processes leading to a pathologicalmyeloma clone and themechanisms of further evolution of the disease are far fromcomplete understanding. Genetically, MM is a complex disease that demonstrates a high level of heterogeneity. Myeloma genomes carry numerous genetic changes, including structural genome variations and chromosomal gains and losses, and these changes occur in combinations with point mutations affecting various cellular pathways, including genome maintenance. MM genome instability in its extreme is manifested in mutation kataegis and complex genomic rearrangements: chromothripsis, templated insertions, and chromoplexy. Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat MM add another level of complexity because many of them exacerbate genome instability. Genome abnormalities are driver events and deciphering their mechanisms will help understand the causes of MM and play a pivotal role in developing new therapies.