Contextual recognition memory deficits in major depression are suppressed by cognitive support at encoding

Objectives: To investigate the effect of cognitive support (an associative orienting instruction at encoding) on contextual memory in depressed patients. Methods: Seventeen patients (age 20-40 years, 14 women) diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 22 healthy controls matched for age, gender and education completed a recognition memory task for item (object) and context (location), with or without an incidental binding cue at encoding. In addition, participants completed the vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS III) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Salivary samples were collected at 7 AM, 4 PM and 10 PM on the day of testing for cortisol and DHEA level measurement. Results: Depressed patients showed a deficit in contextual memory in the absence of a binding cue but did not differ from healthy controls in item memory or when a binding cue was present. Cortisol and cortisol/DHEA ratios were lower in depressed patients compared to healthy controls and correlated with memory deficits. Conclusions: Contextual memory deficits in MDD patients can be reduced by providing cognitive support at encoding. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.