Phosphonium-enhanced chitosan for Cr(VI) adsorption in wastewater treatment

Adsorption is a commonly used method for industrial wastewater treatment because of its low-cost, easy operation and high efficiency. In this work, chitosan was crosslinked and functionalized with a low-cost phosphonium salt, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate (THPS), to enhance its adsorption capacity for Cr (VI). The novel phosphonium-crosslinked chitosan (PCC) was characterized using elemental analysis, XRF, FTIR, NMR and SEM-EDX. At pH 6, PCC had a higher Langmuir equilibrium constant than the unmodified chitosan (0.19 +/- 0.02 L mg(-1) versus 0.0044 +/- 0.0005 L mg(-1)) and PCC demonstrated higher adsorption capacity than chitosan at equilibrium Cr(VI) concentrations below 120 mg L-1. Additionally, magnesium sulfate or magnesium chloride was shown to desorb Cr(VI) and recycle PCC. When treated with THPS, chitosan is activated for Cr(VI) adsorption at pH 6; therefore, PCC can be used in wastewater treatment over a wider pH range than chitosan.