An Illustration of Second-Order Latent Growth Models

Methods of latent curve analysis (latent growth modeling) have recently emerged as a versatile tool for investigating longitudinal change in measured variables. This article, using higher order factor models as suggested by McArdle (1988) and Tisak and Meredith (1990), illustrates latent curve analysis for the purpose of modeling longitudinal change directly in a latent construct. The construct of interest is assumed to be indicated by several measured variables, all of which are observed at the same multiple time points. Examples with simultaneous estimation of covariance and mean structures are provided for both a single group and a two-group scenario.