Global population genetic structure of Bean common mosaic virus

After downloading all 82 complete genome sequences of BCMV from the GenBank, recombination analysis showed that 45 BCMV sequences (54.87%) of them were recombinant and 37 remained non-recombinant sequences were subjected to the phylogenetic relationships and impact of selection forces on the each of genes and restricted to three parts of the world; North America, Central and East Asia, and Australia. In phylogenetic analysis, BCMV isolates were clustered into five phylogroups. The estimated TMRCA of all 37 non-recombinant ORFs was 1082 YBP. All phylogroups were old, and Mesoamerican is the "centre of emergence" of BCMV, and the several American isolates found in phylogroup 1 shown evidence of gene flow only with East Asia. d(N)/d(S) ratios obtained less than one and showed the BCMV-ORFs have been under negative selection. The results revealed that mutation, recombinant and negative selection may be the potential drivers of the dynamics of BCMV molecular evolution.