Association between inflammatory cytokines and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Background COVID-19 patients may experience "cytokine storm" when human immune system produces excessive cytokines/chemokines. However, it remains unclear whether early responses of inflammatory cytokines would lead to high or low titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Methods This retrospective study enrolled a cohort of 272 hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2. Laboratory assessments of serum cytokines (IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha), anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM antibodies, and peripheral blood biomarkers were conducted during hospitalization. Results At hospital admission, 36.4% patients were severely ill, 51.5% patients were >= 65 years, and 60.3% patients had comorbidities. Higher levels of IL-2R and IL-6 were observed in older patients (>= 65 years). Significant differences of IL-2R (week 2 to week >= 5 from symptom onset), IL-6 (week 1 to week >= 5), IL-8 (week 2 to week >= 5), and IL-10 (week 1 to week 3) were observed between moderately-ill and severely ill patients. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers were significantly higher in severely ill patients than in moderately ill patients, but such difference was not observed for IgM. High titers of early-stage IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha (<= 2 weeks after symptom onset) were positively correlated with high titers of late-stage IgG (>= 5 weeks after symptom onset). Deaths were mostly observed in severely ill older patients (45.9%). Survival analyses revealed risk factors of patient age, baseline COVID-19 severity, and baseline IL-6 that affected survival time, especially in severely ill older patients. Conclusion Early responses of elevated cytokines such as IL-6 reflect the active immune responses, leading to high titers of IgG antibodies against COVID-19.