Uncertainty factors, methods, and solutions of closed-loop supply chain - A review for current situation and future prospects

Uncertainties in acquisition, processing, market, and other stages of the closed- loop supply chain have greatly added to the complexity of remanufacturing and have reduced process efficiency, impeding the sustainable development of industries and circular economy. Recently, an increasing number of studies have been published that focus on the uncertainty analysis of closed-loop supply chain. Thus, this article aims to examine previous research on the uncertainties that are inherent characteristics of a closed- loop supply chain, and to provide constructive prospects for future research. Based on these aims, we selected 302 papers published in the "Web of Science" core database from 2004 to 2018. We analyze the causes of uncertainties at different stages, and identify appropriate methods for quantifying the impacts of the uncertainties on production processes. As a result, from a macro level, and based on a visualization method, we present the themes, development, and evolution of popular research topics in the previous literature. From a micro level, and based on the methodology, we conduct a systematic evaluation of uncertainty factors, methods, and solutions. Finally, we clarify a breakthrough point for future research. By optimizing the impacts of uncertainties on closed-loop supply chain, we can effectively and efficiently realize sustainable development and cleaner production in a closed-loop supply chain. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.