'Real-world' compensatory behaviour with low nicotine concentration e-liquid: subjective effects and nicotine, acrolein and formaldehyde exposure

被引:79
作者
Dawkins, Lynne [1 ]
Cox, Sharon [1 ]
Goniewicz, Maciej [2 ]
McRobbie, Hayden [3 ]
Kimber, Catherine [4 ]
Doig, Mira [5 ]
Kosmider, Leon [6 ]
机构
[1] London South Bank Univ, Sch Appl Sci, Ctr Addict Behav Res, 103 Borough Rd, London SE1 0AA, England
[2] Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Dept Hlth Behav, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
[3] Queen Mary Univ London, Wolfson Inst Prevent Med, Barts & London Sch Med & Dent, London, England
[4] Univ East London, Coll Appl Hlth & Communities, Sch Psychol, London, England
[5] ABS Labs Ltd BioPk, Welwyn Garden City, Herts, England
[6] Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut, Ctr Study Tobacco Prod, Richmond, VA USA
关键词
Acrolein; compensatory behaviour; E-cigarette; formaldehyde; nicotine; puffing patterns; subjective effects; ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE USE; SELF-TITRATION; DELIVERY; USERS; SMOKING; TOPOGRAPHY; CARCINOGEN; COTININE;
D O I
10.1111/add.14271
中图分类号
R194 [卫生标准、卫生检查、医药管理];
学科分类号
摘要
Aims To compare the effects of (i) high versus low nicotine concentration e-liquid, (ii) fixed versus adjustable power and (iii) the interaction between the two on: (a) vaping behaviour, (b) subjective effects, (c) nicotine intake and (d) exposure to acrolein and formaldehyde in e-cigarette users vaping in their everyday setting. Design Counterbalanced, repeated measures with four conditions: (i) low nicotine (6 mg/ml)/fixed power; (ii) low nicotine/adjustable power; (iii) high nicotine (18 mg/ml)/fixed power; and (iv) high nicotine/adjustable power. Setting London and the South East, England. Participants Twenty experienced e-cigarette users (recruited between September 2016 and February 2017) vaped ad libitum using an eVic Supreme (TM) with a 'Nautilus Aspire' tank over 4 weeks (1 week per condition). Measurements Puffing patterns [daily puff number (PN), puff duration (PD), interpuff interval (IPI)], ml of e-liquid consumed, changes to power (where permitted) and subjective effects (urge to vape, nicotine withdrawal symptoms) were measured in each condition. Nicotine intake was measured via salivary cotinine. 3-Hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (3-HPMA), a metabolite of the toxicant acrolein, and formate, a metabolite of the carcinogen formaldehyde, were measured in urine. Findings There was a significant nicotine concentration x power interaction for PD (P < 0.01). PD was longer with low nicotine/fixed power compared with (i) high nicotine/fixed power (P < 0.001) and (ii) low nicotine/adjustable power (P < 0.01). PN and liquid consumed were higher in the low versus high nicotine condition (main effect of nicotine, P < 0.05). Urge to vape and withdrawal symptoms were lower, and nicotine intake was higher, in the high nicotine condition (main effects of nicotine: P < 0.01). While acrolein levels did not differ, there was a significant nicotine x power interaction for formaldehyde (P < 0.05). Conclusions Use of a lower nicotine concentration e-liquid may be associated with compensatory behaviour (e.g. higher number and duration of puffs) and increases in negative affect, urge to vape and formaldehyde exposure.
引用
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页码:1874 / 1882
页数:9
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