Is there NaI in the atmosphere of HD 209458b?: Effect of the centre-to-limb variation and Rossiter-McLaughlin effect in transmission spectroscopy studies

被引：60

作者：

Casasayas-Barris, N. ^{[1
,2
]}

Palle, E. ^{[1
,2
]}

Yan, F. ^{[3
]}

Chen, G. ^{[4
]}

Luque, R. ^{[1
,2
]}

Stangret, M. ^{[1
,2
]}

Nagel, E. ^{[5
]}

Zechmeister, M. ^{[3
]}

Oshagh, M. ^{[3
]}

Sanz-Forcada, J. ^{[6
]}

Nortmann, L. ^{[1
,2
]}

Alonso-Floriano, F. J. ^{[7
]}

Amado, P. J. ^{[8
]}

Caballero, J. A. ^{[6
]}

Czesla, S. ^{[5
]}

Khalafinejad, S. ^{[14
]}

Lopez-Puertas, M. ^{[8
]}

Lopez-Santiago, J. ^{[9
,10
]}

Molaverdikhani, K. ^{[11
]}

Montes, D. ^{[15
,16
]}

Quirrenbach, A. ^{[14
]}

Reiners, A. ^{[3
]}

Ribas, I. ^{[12
,13
]}

Sanchez-Lopez, A. ^{[8
]}

Zapatero Osorio, M. R. ^{[6
]}

机构：

[1] Inst Astrofis Canarias, Via Lactea S-N, San Cristobal la Laguna 38205, Tenerife, Spain

[2] Univ La Laguna, Dept Astrofis, San Cristobal la Laguna, Spain

[3] Georg August Univ, Inst Astrophys, Friedrich Hund Pl 1, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany

[4] Chinese Acad Sci, Purple Mt Observ, Key Lab Planetary Sci, Nanjing 210033, Peoples R China

[5] Univ Hamburg, Hamburger Sternwarte, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany

[6] ESAC, CSIC, INTA, Ctr Astrobiol, Camino Bajo Castillo S-N, Villanueva De La Canada 28692, Madrid, Spain

[7] Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, Postbus 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands

[8] CSIC, IAA, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain

[9] Univ Carlos III Madrid, Dept Signal Theory & Commun, Ave Univ 30, Madrid 28911, Spain

[10] Gregorio Maranon Hlth Res Inst, Doctor Esquerdo 46, Madrid 28007, Spain

[11] Max Planck Inst Astron, Konigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany

[12] CSIC, ICE, Campus UAB,C Can Magrans S-N, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain

[13] IEEC, Barcelona 08034, Spain

[14] Heidelberg Univ, Zentrum Astron, Landessternwarte, Konigstuhl 12, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany

[15] Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Ciencias Fis, Dept Fis Tierra & Astrofis, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

[16] Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Ciencias Fis, IPARCOS UCM Intituto Fis Particulas & Cosmos UCM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

来源：

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | 2020年 / 635卷

基金：

中国国家自然科学基金;

关键词：

planetary systems; planets and satellites: individual: HD 209458b; planets and satellites: atmospheres; methods: observational; techniques: spectroscopic; EXTRASOLAR; ABSORPTION; ROTATION; VELOCITY; SODIUM;

D O I：

10.1051/0004-6361/201937221

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

HD 209458b was the first transiting planet discovered, and the first for which an atmosphere, in particular NaI, was detected. With time, it has become one of the most frequently studied planets, with a large diversity of atmospheric studies using low- and high-resolution spectroscopy. Here, we present transit spectroscopy observations of HD 209458b using the HARPS-N and CARMENES spectrographs. We fit the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect by combining radial velocity data from both instruments (nine transits in total), measuring a projected spin-orbit angle of - 1.6 +/- 0.3 deg. We also present the analysis of high-resolution transmission spectroscopy around the NaI region at 590 nm, using a total of five transit observations. In contrast to previous studies where atmospheric NaI absorption is detected, we find that for all of the nights, whether individually or combined, the transmission spectra can be explained by the combination of the centre-to-limb variation and the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. This is also observed in the time-evolution maps and transmission light curves, but at lower signal-to-noise ratio. Other strong lines such as H alpha, CaII IRT, the MgI triplet region, and KI D1 are analysed, and are also consistent with the modelled effects, without considering any contribution from the exoplanet atmosphere. Thus, the transmission spectrum reveals no detectable NaI absorption in HD 209458b. We discuss how previous pioneering studies of this benchmark object may have overlooked these effects. While for some star-planet systems these effects are small, for other planetary atmospheres the results reported in the literature may require revision.

引用

页数：18

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