Immunotoxic effects of atrazine and its main metabolites at environmental relevant concentrations on larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Atrazine (ATZ) and its main metabolites, i.e., diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), deisopropylatrazine (DIP), and deethylatrazine (DE), have been widely detected in surface water around the world. In the present study, to determine their immunotoxic effects, zebrafish during the early developmental stage were exposed to ATZ and its main metabolites at environmental concentrations (30, 100, 300 mu g L-1). It was observed thatATZ, DACT, DIP and DE selectively induced the transcription of immunotoxic related genes including Tnf alpha, Il1-1 beta, Il-6, Il-8, Cxcl-cic and Cc-chem in larval zebrafish. Pretreatment with ATZ and its metabolites also changed the immune response of larval zebrafish to LPS and E. coli challenge, which was indicated by the alternation in the mRNA levels of some cytokines. In addition, 300 mu g L-1 ATZ and DACT exposure could also increase the release of tryptase into water, indicating that they increased the anaphylactoid reaction in the larval zebrafish. According to these results, both of ATZ and its metabolites exposure could cause the immtinotoxicity in larval zebrafish. Thus, we thought that the ecological risks of the metabolites of ATZ on aquatic organisms could not be ignored. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.