Whole genome sequencing confirms Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis microsatellite sporadic and persistent clones causing outbreaks of candidemia in neonates

Whole genome sequencing has been extensively used to describe infection outbreaks, although with limited application on Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. We retrospectively studied all patients admitted to the neonatal care unit diagnosed with candidemia caused by C. albicans (n = 46) or C. parapsilosis (n = 31) between 2007 and 2010 (Period 1) and 2011 and 2014 (Period 2). All isolates were genotyped by microsatellite markers. A cluster was defined as a group of >= 2 patients infected by strains with identical genotypes. For the validation of microsatellite markers and outbreak investigation, phylogenetic analyses and whole genome pairwise strain comparisons were performed. The number of episodes was significantly higher in Period 1 than in Period 2 (51 vs 32; P = 0.003); the reduction in the number of cases coincided with the educational campaign for catheter care implementation in 2011. Overall, eight genotypes were clusters involving 29 patients. All C. albicans (n = 5) and C. parapsilosis (n = 3) clusters were found during Period 1 before the educational campaign. No statistically significant differences were found between the percentage of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis clusters, but the percentage of patients associated to the clusters was significantly higher for C. parapsilosis clusters in comparison to C. albicans clusters (52 vs 28.2%; P = 0.03). Whole genome sequencing confirmed microsatellite-defined clusters with high bootstrap values. Whole genome sequences confirmed microsatellite-defined clusters, corroborating the presence of outbreaks. Persistent or sporadic Candida clusters causing candidemia in neonates disappeared after the implementation of catheter care educational campaigns. Lay summary We retrospectively studied all patients admitted to the neonatal care unit diagnosed with candidemia caused by C. albicans or C. parapsilosis. Reliable whole genome sequences confirmed microsatellite-defined clusters, corroborating the presence of outbreaks before educational campaigns for catheter care.