Characterization of Salmonella bacteriophages and their potential use in dishwashing materials

Aims The aims of this study were to isolate and characterize novel Salmonella phages and to evaluate the effectiveness of phage cocktails used as antibacterial agents in dishwashing materials. Methods and Results The effective phages, vB_STy-RN5i1 and vB_STy-RN29, were isolated from drain water samples collected from open markets using Salmonella Typhimurium as the host strain. These phages were identified as members of Podoviridae and Siphoviridae, respectively. Both phages infected at least six Salmonella serovars and rapidly lysed their host within one hour. They were stable at 4-45 degrees C and at pH 6-9 for at least an hour while being evaluated in this study. The phage application results indicated that bacterial cells were reduced by 3.1 and 2.7 log CFU per ml at room temperature when they encountered the phage cocktail on scouring pads (SPs) and dishwashing sponges (DSs), respectively. Conclusions The isolated Salmonella phages, vB_STy-RN5i1 and vB_STy-RN29, had potential against Salm. Typhimurium and could reduce the occurrence of bacterial-cross-contamination from dishwashing materials, which have been reported to be a source of bacteria, to other kitchen utensils and food. Significance and Impact of the Study The successful reduction of bacterial contamination in dishwashing materials by the phage cocktail consisting of vB_STy-RN5i1 and vB_STy-RN29 reveals its potential to be an alternative antimicrobial agent for SPs and DSs.