Effect of estrogen in malignant melanoma

Background Melanoma is associated with poor prognosis in its advanced stages. Potential influence of estrogen and its metabolites on melanoma growth has been suggested. Aims The objective of this review was to provide an overview on the evidence related to estrogen in malignant melanoma. Materials and Methods Literature search using PubMed, Google Scholar and relevant cross-references of the retrieved articles was performed to review relevant published articles related to estrogen and its effects in malignant melanoma. Results Effect of estrogen signaling on a tissue largely depends on the relative expression of estrogen receptors (ER) alpha and beta. Gender differences in melanoma may be explained by the difference in expression of these receptors. ER beta is the principal ER in melanoma. Discussion Although there is uncertainty about role of estrogen in pathogenensis and progression of melanoma, evidence suggests that its growth and metastasis are influenced by estrogen stimulation. Role ER on the proliferation of melanoma cells is well described. Conclusion There is a need of safe and effective therapy for melanoma, especially for advanced cases. After the establishment of specific role of estrogen and its receptor, analysis of specific genetic mutation can be performed for proper utilization of targeted therapies.