Planning and control of UGV formations in a dynamic environment: A practical framework with experiments

This paper provides a practical framework for planning and control of formations of multiple unmanned ground vehicles to traverse between goal points in a dynamic environment. This framework allows on-line planning of the formation paths using search algorithm based on the current sensor data. The formation is allowed to dynamically change in order to avoid obstacles in the environment, while minimizing a cost function aimed at obtaining collision- and deadlock-free paths. Based on a feasible path for a leader of the group, the trajectory planner satisfies the kinematic constraints of the individual vehicles, while accounting for inter-vehicle collision and path constraints. Two algorithms are provided to generate smooth trajectories from discrete path sequences. A Lyapunov-based controller is designed to keep the vehicles on their planned trajectories. Illustrative simulations of cups of unmanned ground vehicles and their laboratory implementations with three unmanned ground vehicles are presented. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.