Equivalence and regulatory approaches of nonbiological complex drug products across the United States, the European Union, and Turkey

Regulatory agencies around the world may have different standards and approaches to evaluate and approve drug products and biological products. We describe the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Generic Drug User Fee Act program, as well as their approach to complex products. We discuss regulatory approaches for the development of nonbiological complex drug follow-ons and approval pathways in the United States. We compare FDA policies with other regulatory agencies (i.e., the European Medicines Agency and the Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency). In particular, we describe the policies/pathways across these three agencies to assess equivalence of glatiramer acetate, enoxaparin sodium, and sodium ferric gluconate complex products. We also examine the Turkish market for these selected nonbiological complex drugs.