Diel cycling and stable isotopes of dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, and nitrogenous species in a stream receiving treated municipal sewage

Diel and synoptic studies were undertaken in Silver Bow Creek, a small, highly eutrophic stream receiving municipal sewage from the city of Butte, Montana, USA. During mid-summer baseflow conditions, oxidation of ammonium from the Butte wastewater treatment plant created a 2-km long reach marked by nightly hypoxia and extreme growth of aquatic plants and algae. Large diel cycles in the concentrations and isotopic compositions of dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were inversely related, and are explained by the daily cycle of photosynthesis and respiration, modified by the effects of nitrification. Nitrification rates were higher during the day than at night due to a combination of higher water temperatures and higher DO concentrations. Changes in nitrification rate imparted diet cycles in the concentrations and N-isotopic compositions of NO3- and NH4+, whereas total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations and delta N-15-DIN values showed minimal diel variation. delta N-15-NH4 steadily increased with distance downstream over a 5 km reach, whereas delta N-15-NO3 showed a more complex spatial pattern. Plant assimilation caused downstream decreases in DIN and soluble reactive phosphorous: however, it was not possible to determine whether the plants assimilated NO3-, NH4+ or both. An important new finding of this study is the recognition that synoptic and diel changes in delta O-18-DO in the zone of active nitrification imparted a corresponding change in delta O-18-NO3. Future studies examining the O-isotope composition of nitrate need to consider whether DO has a constant or shifting isotopic composition at the source of nitrification. The results of this study underscore the complex and dynamic interactions between biologically-active solutes in nutrient-rich streams, and also emphasize the importance of recognizing these cycles when collecting samples for scientific or monitoring purposes. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.