The parameterization of surface albedo for sea ice and its snow cover

The factors determining the albedo of sea ice and its snow cover, including spectral characteristics, are reviewed. The thickness, properties and fractional cover of snow are of general importance. During freeze-up, ice thickness is a major determinant and, in summer, the extent and depth of melt ponds. The effects of sky conditions and surface impurities are also examined. In situ and remote-sensing data to validate theoretical and model results are discussed. The current parameterizations adopted in atmospheric GCMs are compared and new directions described.